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The rocks and minerals of Naxos in combination with the geomorphology of the island have been and continue to be the subject of study by many researchers in order to understand the geological history of the Aegean, which highlights Naxos as a pole of attraction for geoscientists.

The Geological Museum of Naxos with 2,500 exhibits reflects the geological history of the island and the Aegean and is one of the most important museums of its kind in Greece. The museum exhibits maps and representative samples of rocks found on the island, minerals of Naxos (marble, emery) to emphasize their timeless contribution to the local economy and especially the development of Cycladic culture, Palaeolithic artifacts and tools from Stelida, where archaeological research revealed the operation of a stone processing laboratory even about 260,000 years ago.

Visitors also have the opportunity to learn about the history of emery mining, the tools of emery miners, its minerals and the products produced by it. In addition, representative samples of rocks and minerals from the critical lithological formations of the South Aegean are displayed in cases (cobblestones, limestones, marbles, green slates, gneisses, granites, extrusive rocks from the Active Volcanic Arc of South Aegean), as well as fluorescent minerals displayed in a chamber with ultraviolent lights.